The statistical software used was the statistical analysis system sas and. To further investigate and confirm ap2erf gene expression, the rice expression profile database ricexpro, which is a repository of gene expression data derived from microarray experiments encompassing the entire life cycle of the rice plant from germination, seedling, tillering, stem elongation, panicle initiation, booting, heading. Drought tolerance dt is a complex trait both genetically and physiologically. Flag leaf just visible, still rolled, panicle moving upwards 39. The software on the hps obtains the fpga configuration image from any of its flash memory devices or communication interfaces, for example, the ethernet media access controller emac. The effect of controlled drainage on nitrogen n and phosphorus p emission at jointingbooting stage of winter wheat was studied in 20072008. Tiller type and yield components for the determination of tiller order, the main stems m of 15 randomly selected plants from each plot were labelled with small plastic tags, while other tillers were tagged. Based on the complex genetic basis of cold tolerance in rice, additional efforts are needed to. Treatments include cid treatment at tiller stage t1, jointingbooting stage t2, panicle initiation stage t3.
Data extraction from images was done using feature extraction software version 10. To examine the rice genomic methylation landscape and assess its functional significance, we generated singlebase resolution dna methylome maps for asian cultivated rice oryza sativa ssp. It is when the actual panicle or head begins to form in the base of the. Effects of elevated atmospheric co2 on respiratory rates. A total of 10 rice tillers were inoculated with each m. Cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice is a key factor that can guarantee a high and stable yield under. However, rice is highly sensitive to water deficit at the panicle initiation and booting stages 1,2. The qtl gnp1 encodes ga20ox1, which increases grain number. The raw reads were further processed for 106296448 high quality reads by removing the low quality reads. Rnaseq generated 331 million short reads and 66 gb original data for the ajay group, whereas it generated 341 million short reads and 68 gb for rajalaxmi table 1 and table 2. Tillering rate was 43% higher in ds than tp under either ct or nt. Submergence at different stages was imposed in specially designed experimental tanks in 2009 and 2010 based on alternate wetting and drying technology awd, the control, ck. Rnaseq technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of two rice hybrids, ajay based on wildabortive wacytoplasm and rajalaxmi based on kalingacytoplasm, and their respective parents at the panicle initiation pi and grain filling gf stages.
Pdf multispectral images tetracam agriculture digital to. Seasonal drought is a major threat to rice production. Genetic analysis of cold tolerance at the germination and. Effects of nitrogen and tiller type on grain yield and. Effect of irrigation management methods on growth, grain. Overall percentage of tagged panicle spikelet sterility of five paddy rice genotypes in comparison to the control averaged across all five temperatures thermic regime epagri sc491 sc676 sc681 scs116 109 satoru tagged panicle spikelet sterility % temperatures 43. Individual rice tillers were inoculated at the booting stage the beginning of panicle initiation, by injecting 1 ml of an m. The cold tolerance of rice is controlled by quantitative trait loci qtls.
Differential expression of genes at panicle initiation and. Multispectral images tetracam agriculture digital camera. However, the sensitivity of rice to drought stress ds at different growth periods remains unclear. Plant information realtime software products such as scada pi. Canopy hyperspectral sensing of paddy fields at the booting stage. Further analysis of the peak stages of n requirement in rice early panicle initiation stage, booting stage helped produce a stable correlation between the flav value and n deficiency in rice, and helped determine the threshold of recommended n application in rice at flav value 1. The camera had been calibrated by capturing the images from the teflon calibration tag under the same lighting conditions as the images under the study. However, rice is highly sensitive to water deficit at the panicle initiation and booting stages 1, 2. Yield and tillering response of super hybrid rice liangyoupeijiu to. The time of occurrence of internode elongation stage differs among varieties. While p and k were applied basally during sowing, n was applied in two splits as top dressing. Foliar application of benzothiadiazole and salicylic acid. Mapping of qtls for grain yield and its component traits. Hps boot booting software on the hps is a multistage process.
Influence of controlled drainage on the groundwater. Panicle initiation this stage begins when the primordia. An integrated, searchable knowledge base of genetic associations and rice genome phenotype. The software is provided by users and the boot rom is not involved in configuring the fpga fabric. The alignment results of high quality reads on rice genome showed 83.
Panicle initiation how is panicle initiation abbreviated. The maximum activities of all the three enzymes were observed at the flowering stage. Panicle initiation is the stage about 25 days before heading when the panicle has grown to about 1 mm long and can be recognized visually or under magnification following stem dissection. The bulging of the flag leaf sheath is called booting. The thresholds of thths used in the practice of ci irrigation were 60%, 70% and 70% at tillering, panicle initiation to booting and milk to soft dough stages in china peng et al. As the young panicle develops, it becomes visible to the naked eye in a few days. Inseason estimation of rice grain yield using critical. Cold stress can cause serious abiotic damage that limits the growth, development and yield of rice.
I dont have the original software that came with the computer refurbished. Potassium potassium chloride was applied at 75 kg k 2 o ha. During this stage, the spikelets becomes extends upward inside the flag leaf sheath. After discarding adaptors and low quality reads, 293 and 302 million high quality reads, representing 88. Early reproductive development in cereals is crucial for final grain number per spike and hence the yield potential of the crop. Specific leaf area sla leaf area leaf dry weight ranged from 8 to 326 cm2 g1 and was significantly lower i.
Identification of a coldtolerant locus in rice oryza. Dna methylation plays important biological roles in plants and animals. The number of mature pollen grains after chilling at the booting stage 12 c for 5 d was only 45% of total pollen grains in low. Genomewide temporalspatial gene expression profiling of. Crop nitrogen n status during vegetative growth is an essential indicator of crop vigor and predictor of subsequent grain yield. Booting and flowering are part of the reproductive growth stage. The rnaseq of bpt, ctm and kjj at panicle initiation stage emanated 116298544 total raw reads. Around 293 and 302 million high quality pairedend reads of ajay and rajalaxmi, respectively, were generated and aligned against the. Tiller mortality reached a peak between panicle initiation pi and booting bt stages. Cooling water before panicle initiation increases chillingainduced. In contrast, percentage of grain filling was much more in upahar 91.
These two stages are tillering and panicle initiation. Indicators for diagnosing nitrogen status of rice based on. Panicle initiation pi is the start of the reproductive phase of rice development. For high breeds fresh seeds should be purchased every year.
Biochemical and molecular characterisation of exogenous. The conventional subsurface drainage was taken as the control t5. Potential of controlled irrigation and drainage for. Evaluating multisplit topdressing as an option for. The plant growth stages from panicle initiation to flowering and from flowering. The hps boot starts when a processor is released from reset for example, on power up and executes code. Then the tip of the developing panicle emerges from the stem and continues to grow.
Spikelet anthesis or flowering begins with panicle exertion heading, or on the following day. Agilent technologies using default settings and a standard. Here, we studied the transcriptome profiles at four stages of early wheat reproductive development. Transporter genes identified in landraces associated with. Singlebase resolution maps of cultivated and wild rice. The overall methylation level of rice genomes is four. Generally, the second crop begins to initiate when the. Developing dt varieties by breeding is the major strategy for reducing rice yield losses caused by drought. The spikelet numbers per panicle was much more in the compactpanicle or1918 than that in the laxpanicle upahar table 1. Significant differences in yield performance and panicle morphology were observed between the lax and compactpanicle cultivars, upahar and or1918, respectively table 1, fig. July 56 panicle initiation stage and august 1617 mid grainfilling stage in 2012, and five different growth stages. Raise healthy nursery by using recommended doses of fertiliser and controlling pests. The number of mature pollen grains after chilling at the booting stage 12 c for 5 days was only approximately 45% of total pollen grains in lowtw plants, whereas it was approximately 71% in normaltw plants tw not.
Understanding of growth stages is critical in rice production. Panicle initiation is the beginning of the reproductive phase. Statistical analyses were performed using statistix 9, analytical software. Panicle samples of first set of 12 genotypes along with two parents of the mapping population and a second set of 48 genotypes during booting stage.
To date, however, no systematic analyses of gene expression profiles during this important process have been conducted for common wheat triticum aestivum. This stage begins when the primordia of the panicle has differentiated and becomes visible. Effect of lowtw treatment before panicle initiation on. Rice is said to be at the heading stage when the panicle is fully visible. Transcriptome profiling of wheat inflorescence development. The drought stress was imposed from panicle initiation to panicle emergence period reproductive stage by withholding irrigation fig.
The concept of the critical nitrogen nc dilution curve has been used for inseason assessment of crop n status, yet it remains to be determined that how plant n status during vegetative growth can be related to grain yield at maturity in rice. Genetic analysis of cold tolerance at the germination and booting stages in rice by association mapping. Is there anything that i can do to fix the problem before i bite the bullet and take it somewhere and have a professional fix it. N and grain yield were significantly correlated with ndvi r 2 0. Cf comparison of endogenous cytokinin levels between young nilgnp1 lt and nilgnp1 tq panicles 1 cm at early panicle initiation to booting stage. This stage is characterized by the swelling of the bottom of the panicle leaf, which is due to the panicle growing upwards inside the stem. After initiation, the panicle grows towards the top of the stem, causing a swelling in the stem called elongation.
Cold tolerance during the booting stage of rice is a key factor that can guarantee a high and stable yield under cold stress. Panicle initiation is the first stage in the reproductive phase of growth and. June 2427 tillering stage, july 811 panicle initiation stage, july 2225 booting stage. Fertilizer was applied according to normal practice at irri, that is, basal 30. Diagnosing crop water stress of rice using infrared. The groundwater depth was naturally drained to 400 mm and 800 mm below the soil surface within 3 days at the jointingbooting stage, after the water level was kept at 100 mm for 1. Transplanting required 29% more time for the completion of tillering and less for ds. The dd50 program for predicting rice growth involves identifying growth stages. Differential gene expression among hybrids and its parents. Cooling water before panicle initiation increases chilling. The linear relationships and 95% confidence limits were calculated using spss16 spss inc. The cold water was maintained at 20 cm depth at the early stage to. We used the uppermost fully expanded leaves for gas exchange measurements and sampling at two different growth stages. Id like to keep the files already on the computer, but its not a horrific loss if i cant.
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